archlinux
制作启动u盘
下载ventoy
刻录ventoy后，将ventoy分区格式化为ntfs。
直接将archlinux iso文件拷贝到ventoy分区。
还可以放入 clonezilla iso, gparted iso, winpe iso 等其他iso。
dd
linux 环境直接刻录u盘:
dd bs=4M if=archlinux.iso of=/dev/sdx status=progress && sync
windows
windows环境直接刻录u盘:
下载LinuxLive USB Creator：http://www.linuxliveusb.com/
初始安装
Arch Linux and Windows 10 (UEFI + Encrypted) Install Guide
u盘启动
进入BIOS，从U盘启动，进入archlinux live
设置arch源
编辑/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist，选择合适的server
Server = http://mirrors.163.com/archlinux/$repo/os/$arch硬盘分区
假设系统硬盘为/dev/sda
全新分区
fdisk /dev/sda
将磁盘旧的msdos分区表切换为gpt
sgdisk -g /dev/sda
新建系统分区
mkfs -t ext4 -b 4096 -E stride=128,stripe-width=128 /dev/sda1调整系统分区大小
e2fsck -f /dev/sda1
resize2fs /dev/sda1
新建efi分区
磁盘新建一个efi分区（假设为 /dev/sda5），类型为vfat，标识为boot, esp，大小例如1GB
/etc/fstab 示例
/dev/sda1 / ext4 rw,relatime,stripe=128 0 1
/dev/sda5 /boot vfat defaults 0 2
连接无线网絡
wifi-menu
iwctl --passphrase <passphrase> station <device> connect <SSID>
安装系统
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
mount /dev/sda5 /mnt/boot
pacstrap /mnt base base-devel dialog vim iwd
pacstrap /mnt linux linux-headers linux-firmware
pacstrap /mnt glibc lib32-glibc
arch-chroot /mnt编辑/etc/pacman.d/mirrorlist，设置arch源，同上节
ln -s /usr/share/zoneinfo/Asia/Shanghai /etc/localtime
mkinitcpio -p linux
pacman -S netctl net-tools wpa_actiond wireless_tools wpa_supplicant ifplugd dialog dhclient dhcpcd
exit
reboot系统更新
重启之后，执行wifi-menu连接到无线网络
pacman -Syu数据包更新失败
sudo pacman -S archlinux-keyring
sudo pacman-key --refresh-keys
sudo pacman-key --populate archlinux
sudo pacman -Scc
sudo pacman -Syupacman/yaourt调用aria2多线程下载文件
假设同时开8个连接
pacman -S aria2
在/etc/pacman.conf中指定
XferCommand = /usr/bin/aria2c -c -o %o %u在/etc/makepkg.conf中指定DLAGENTS
'http::/usr/bin/aria2c -c -o %o %u'
'https::/usr/bin/aria2c -c -o %o %u'
'ftp::/usr/bin/aria2c -c -o %o %u'时间
设置rtc避免windows/archlinux重启后时间乱跳
pacman -S ntp
ntpdate asia.pool.ntp.org
timedatectl set-local-rtc 1
timedatectl statusUEFI 引导
配置 uefi Systemd-boot
用Systemd-boot取代GRUB作為Linux的bootloader
安装
pacman -S efibootmgr
安装/修复 EFI引导
bootctl install
设置archlinux的EFI引导
blkid 查看 archlinux 根分区的PARTUUID。
编辑 /boot/loader/entries/arch.conf
title Arch Linux
linux /vmlinuz-linux
initrd /initramfs-linux.img
options root=PARTUUID=xxxxxxxxxx rw quiet splash
添加windows的EFI引导
把windows系统分区下的EFI/Microsoft目录直接拷贝到/boot/EFI/目录下。
设置默认引导
编辑 /boot/loader/loader.conf
default arch
timeout 3
console-mode max
boot目录示例
$ tree /boot -L 3
/boot
├── EFI
│ ├── Microsoft
│ │ ├── Boot
│ │ └── Recovery
│ └── systemd
│ └── systemd-bootx64.efi
├── initramfs-linux-fallback.img
├── initramfs-linux.img
├── loader
│ ├── entries
│ │ └── arch.conf
│ ├── entries.srel
│ ├── loader.conf
│ └── random-seed
└── vmlinuz-linux
调整efi boot项
设置boot优先顺序，例如先1再0：efibootmgr -o 1,0
删除某个boot项，例如3: efibootmgr -b 3 -B
图形界面
安装X
pacman -S xorg xorg-xinit consolekit安装XFCE
pacman -S xfce4 xfce4-goodies xfce4-notifyd elementary-xfce-icons进入X的配置，不然关机键老是灰的：编辑~/.xinitrc
exec ck-launch-session dbus-launch startxfce4硬件驱动
声卡
# pacman -Sy pavucontrol pulseaudio pulseaudio-alsa
# pacman -S alsa-lib alsa-utils alsa-oss sof-firmware
# gpasswd -a USERNAME wheel
# gpasswd -a USERNAME audio
# alsaconf
# alsamixer
# alsactl store编辑 /etc/rc.conf 文件，添加 alsa 到DAEMONS行。
编辑/etc/modprobe.d/alsa-base文件，添加以下两行：
options snd-usb-audio index=0
options snd-hda-intel index=1配置thinkpad声音热键
在 /usr/local/bin 中添加 sound.sh：
#!/bin/bash
# use PulseAudio
case "$1" in
"up")
pactl set-sink-mute 0 false ; pactl set-sink-volume 0 +5%
;;
"down")
pactl set-sink-mute 0 false ; pactl -- set-sink-volume 0 -5%
;;
"mute")
pactl set-sink-mute 0 toggle
;;
"microphonemute")
pactl set-source-mute 1 toggle
;;
*)
pactl set-sink-mute 0 false ; pactl -- set-sink-volume 0 $1%
esac
exit 0thinkpad x1 carbon 2013 在 ~/.xbindkeysrc 中添加：
# Increase volume
"sound.sh up"
m:0x0 + c:123
XF86AudioRaiseVolume
# Decrease volume
"sound.sh down"
m:0x0 + c:122
XF86AudioLowerVolume
# Toggle mute
"sound.sh mute"
m:0x0 + c:121
XF86AudioMute
# Toggle microphonemute
"sound.sh microphonemute"
m:0x0 + c:198
XF86AudioMicMutethinkpad x1 carbon 2015 在 ~/.xbindkeysrc 中添加：
# Increase volume
"sound.sh up"
XF86WakeUp + F3
# Decrease volume
"sound.sh down"
XF86WakeUp + F2
# Toggle mute
"sound.sh mute"
XF86WakeUp + F1
# Toggle microphonemute
"sound.sh microphonemute"
XF86WakeUp + F4在~/.xinitrc中添加：xbindkeys
热插拔(xfce4)
pacman -S ntfs-3g thunar-volman udisks2
pacman -S gvfs gvfs-afc gvfs-gphoto2 gvfs-mtp配置 /etc/fstab，手动挂载磁盘
/dev/sdb1 /mnt/usb ntfs-3g noauto,users,permissions 0 0挂载示例：
$ udisksctl mount -b /dev/sdc1
显卡
$ sudo pacman -S nvidia-dkms nvidia-utils lib32-nvidia-utils nvidia-prime
触摸屏
$ sudo pacman -S xf86-input-wacom
关闭触摸板
sudo pacman -S synaptics
sudo synclient TouchpadOff=1输入法
pacman -S ibus-rime在$HOME/.bashrc中添加：
export LANG="zh_CN.UTF-8"
export LC_CTYPE="zh_CN.UTF-8"
export XIM_PROGRAM=ibus
export XMODIFIERS="@im=ibus"
export GTK_IM_MODULE=ibus
export QT_IM_MODULE=ibus
export XIM=ibus在$HOME/.xinitrc中添加：
ibus-daemon -drx
郑码
$ git clone https://github.com/rime/plum
$ cd plum
$ bash rime-install lotem/rime-zhengma
编辑 ~/.config/ibus/rime/default.custom.yaml：
patch:
schema_list:
- schema: zhengma
- schema: terra_pinyin
中文环境
vim /etc/locale.gen，指定zh_CN.UTF-8vim /etc/local.conf
LANG=zh_CN.UTF-8
LC_MESSAGES=zh_CN.UTF-8- 执行locale-gen
- vim /etc/rc.conf
LOCALE=zh_CN.UTF-8locale-gen时找不到character map file
pacman -Syu升级的时候出的问题
执行locale-gen提示：character map file "en_US" not found
结果locale就变成”C”
pacman -S glibc重装一遍，还是出错，不过提示空间不足
pacman -Scc 清理空间
pacman -S glibc -f
网络
根据MAC地址固定网卡名称
编辑文件/etc/udev/rules.d/10-network.rules
SUBSYSTEM=="net", ATTR{address}=="00:26:2d:f6:ad:43", NAME="eth0"
SUBSYSTEM=="net", ATTR{address}=="70:f1:a1:28:5a:ad", NAME="wlan0"无线(netctl)
- 安装:
pacman -S net-tools wireless_tools wpa_supplicant netctl -
配置: 参考/etc/netctl/examples/
- 新建一个/etc/netctl/athome配置(wpa)
wpa_passphrase athome athomepasswd查看psk，假设psk为xxxxxxxxxxxxx
CONNECTION='wireless'
DESCRIPTION='athome'
INTERFACE='wlan0'
SECURITY='wpa'
ESSID='athome'
IP='dhcp'
KEY=\"xxxxxxxxxxxxx- 新建一个/etc/netctl/atwork配置(wep)
CONNECTION='wireless'
DESCRIPTION='atwork'
INTERFACE='wlan0'
SECURITY='wep'
ESSID=atwork
IP='dhcp'
KEY="s:myatworkpasswd"- 开机启动
netctl enable athome- 移除开机启动
ls /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/
netctl enable athome- 手工启动
netctl start athome无线(wpa_supplicant)
安装
pacman -S net-tools wireless_tools wpa_supplicant假设配置ESSID为mywireless，密码为mypasswd的无线
wpa_passphrase mywireless mypasswd >> /etc/wpa_supplicant/wpa_supplicant.conf手动修改wpa_supplicant.conf
update_config=1
ctrl_interface=DIR=/var/run/wpa_supplicant GROUP=wheel
ap_scan=1
fast_reauth=1
network={
ssid="mywireless"
#proto=WPA
proto=RSN
key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
pairwise=CCMP TKIP
group=CCMP TKIP
#psk="mypasswd"
psk=09896d6dc939e1d6b279c10ee3d4d1c8c75970ce345c6552b7ee47d892f0740e
}手动连接：假设无线网卡为wlan0
WLAN=wlan0
ESSID=mywireless
PASSWD=mypasswd
rm /run/dhcpcd-$WLAN.pid
rm /var/run/wpa_supplicant/$WLAN
ifconfig $WLAN up
wpa_supplicant -dd -B -Dwext -i $WLAN -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf
ifconfig $WLAN up
iwconfig $WLAN essid $ESSID key "s:$PASSWD"
dhcpcd $WLANvpn
- 参考：archlinux pptp vpn拨号连接
- 没看到arch下有/etc/ppp/ip-up.d目录，用以下脚本来启动vpn，我没有把它加为开机启动项，嗯。
#!/bin/zsh
#取网关地址
gateway=`route|grep default|grep eth0|awk '{print $2;}'`
vpn_gateway="192.168.6.253"
echo "拨号..."
sudo poff -a
sleep 2
sudo pon lab
sleep 3
echo "修改路由..."
#科大的地址不从vpn走
sudo route add -net 202.38.0.0/16 gw $gateway eth0
sudo route add -net 210.45.0.0/16 gw $gateway eth0
sudo route add -net 211.86.0.0/16 gw $gateway eth0
#默认从vpn走
sudo route del default
sudo route add default gw $vpn_gateway dev ppp0
#看路由
sudo route -nnetctl提示wpa无线连接失败，要看 journal -xn等等
netctl start somewirelessnetctl 提示wpa无线连接失败，要看journal -xn等等
可以先禁用对应的网卡，再重新start，例如：
ip link set wlan0 down
netctl start somewireless无线速度慢 wireless slow
参考Slow Wireless Intel 6235 (iwlwifi module)
echo options iwlwifi 11n_disable=1 | sudo tee /etc/modprobe.d/51-disable-6235-11n.conf 禁用 wifi 键盘灯 LED 闪烁
# echo 'options iwlwifi led_mode=1' >> /etc/modprobe.d/wlan.conf
# modprobe -r iwlwifi && modprobe iwlwifi或者
# echo 'w /sys/class/leds/phy0-led/trigger - - - - phy0radio' > /etc/tmpfiles.d/phy0-led.conf
# systemd-tmpfiles --create phy0-led.conf常用软件
pacman -S rsync curl lftp wget axel
pacman -S wqy-bitmapfont wqy-zenhei ttf-monaco
pacman -S smplayer ffmpeg flashplayer
pacman -S libreoffice-zh-CN libreoffice-impress libreoffice-writer libreoffice-calc
pacman -S zip unzip unrar p7zip thunar-archive-plugin xarchiver arj cpio lzop
pacman -S firefox firefox-i18n-zh-cn freshplayerplugin pepper-flash chromium
pacman -S dnsutils traceroute wireshark-gtkyay
cd /tmp
git clone https://aur.archlinux.org/yay-bin.git
cd yay-bin
makepkg -si
安装deb包
yay -S debtap
sudo debtap -u
debtap xxx.deb
sudo pacman -U xxx.zst
Web: NGINX+PHP
pacman -S nginx spawn-fcgi php-cgi- 以http(用户):http(组)启动fastcgi :
spawn-fcgi -a 127.0.0.1 -p 9000 -C 5 -u http -g http -f /usr/bin/php-cgi- 配置/etc/nginx/conf/nginx.conf
location / {
root /var/www;
index index.php index.html index.htm;
}
location ~ \.php$ {
root /var/www;
fastcgi_pass 127.0.0.1:9000;
fastcgi_index index.php;
fastcgi_param SCRIPT_FILENAME $document_root$fastcgi_script_name;
include fastcgi_params;
}- 启动nginx: /etc/rc.d/nginx start
music
pacman -S cuetools mp3info wavpack flac mac shntool bchunkfirefox 安装 flash 插件
- 在 adobe 网站下载 flash player
- 将其中的libflashplayer.so 复制到 ~/.mozilla/plugins/目录下
- 执行 ldd ~/.mozilla/plugins/libflashplayer.so
virtualbox
参考： Install VirtualBox on Arch Linux
bios -> cpu 设置 -> 打开 amd-v
pacman -S virtualbox 选择 virtualbox-host-modules-arch
reboot
modprobe vboxdrv
yay -S virtualbox-ext-oracle
usermod -G vboxusers -a [username]
java
查看支持的java版本：
archlinux-java status
切换java的版本：
archlinux-java set <JAVA_ENV_NAME>
steam
install
How to Play Games on Arch Linux Using Steam: A Complete Guide
在 /etc/pacman.conf 开启 multilib
pacman -S steam
overlay
SteamDeck上SteamOS+Windows双系统共用原神游戏文件的方法
双系统环境，linux下复用windows已下已安装的游戏文件，避免重复下载，同时避免修改原windows下的游戏文件。
windows下steamapps路径已挂载为 /mnt/d/game/Steam/steamapps
linux下steamapps路径为 /home/xxx/.local/share/Steam/steamapps
linux下steamapps的overlay upperdir路径为 /home/xxx/game/steamapps_upper
linux下steamapps的overlay workdir路径为 /home/xxx/game/steamapps_work
在/etc/fstab中添加配置：
overlay /home/xxx/.local/share/Steam/steamapps overlay defaults,nofail,index=off,lowerdir=/mnt/d/game/Steam/steamapps,upperdir=/home/xxx/game/steamapps_upper,workdir=/home/xxx/game/steamapps_work 0 2
挂载目录
sudo mount /home/xxx/.local/share/Steam/steamapps
play
启动steam，在设置项的兼容性中选择proton版本，一般可默认为proton experimental。
直接游玩相关游戏。
witcher 3
Witcher 3需要特殊配置proton版本选8.0左右，右键属性中设置启动选项：
WINEDLLOVERRIDES="winmm,version=n,b" %command% --launcher-skip
效果一般，容易僵住
也可以尝试使用第三方的GE-Proton：
yay -S protonup-qt
系统备份
使用 clonezilla 备份/恢复 磁盘或分区
故障处理
KERNEL PANIC 恢复
- 系统升级失败，重启提示kernel panic，switch_root : fail to …
- 从live cd启动，将原来系统的根分区挂载到/mnt下，再用旧版glibc恢复
mount /dev/sda1 /mnt
pacman -U glibc-2.16.0-1-x86_64.pkg.tar.xz -r /mnt/bin/plymouth: No such file or directory
archlinux , thinkpad x61t，开机出错
journalctl -xn显示 /bin/plymouth: No such file or directory
删掉 /etc/fstab 中不存在的介质
闪屏
thinkpad x12 detachable, intel cpu, 闪屏
arch.conf开机引导的options项中添加i915.enable_psr=0
no sound card
thinkpad x12 detachable, intel tiger cpu, 没有声音
lspci -knn | grep -A2 audio
arch.conf开机引导的options项中添加snd_hda_intel.dmic_detect=0
pacman segment fault
将 /etc/pacman.conf 中的 XferCommand 注释掉
yay 提示 libalpm.so.13 库文件丢失`
sudo ln -sf /usr/lib/libalpm.so.14 /usr/lib/libalpm.so.13